In the bustling logistics landscape of Fort Worth, Texas, commercial storage units serve as critical infrastructure for supply chain operations. These versatile facilities provide essential space for inventory management, distribution staging, and equipment storage—effectively functioning as the backbone of many logistics operations. Fort Worth’s strategic location at the crossroads of major interstate highways and proximity to DFW International Airport makes it an ideal hub for companies seeking to optimize their supply chain networks. The city’s robust commercial storage market offers solutions ranging from basic warehouse spaces to sophisticated temperature-controlled facilities equipped with cutting-edge inventory management systems and workforce scheduling tools that streamline operations.
The demand for commercial storage in Fort Worth continues to grow as businesses recognize the competitive advantage of maintaining flexible storage solutions within this logistics-friendly metropolis. Companies across various industries leverage these facilities to maintain just-in-time inventory practices, accommodate seasonal fluctuations, and establish regional distribution points that reduce delivery times and transportation costs. With the evolution of e-commerce and the increasing emphasis on rapid fulfillment, the role of strategically located commercial storage has become more crucial than ever for businesses seeking to enhance their supply chain efficiency and customer satisfaction levels. Modern logistics professionals are finding that the right storage solution can dramatically improve operational efficiency when paired with effective employee scheduling and resource allocation.
Types of Commercial Storage Units in Fort Worth
Fort Worth’s commercial storage landscape offers diverse options tailored to meet specific logistics and supply chain requirements. Understanding the different types available helps businesses select facilities that align with their operational needs and growth objectives. The right storage solution can significantly impact inventory management efficiency and overall supply chain performance. When evaluating options, logistics managers should consider how each type of facility integrates with their workforce optimization software and scheduling systems.
- Traditional Warehouses: Large-scale facilities offering expansive storage space for bulk inventory, typically featuring loading docks, high ceilings, and wide aisles to accommodate forklifts and other material handling equipment.
- Distribution Centers: Purpose-built facilities designed for efficient product movement, often including sophisticated inventory tracking systems, cross-docking capabilities, and strategic layouts to minimize handling time.
- Flex Spaces: Versatile units combining warehouse storage with office space, allowing companies to maintain administrative operations alongside their inventory management activities.
- Cold Storage Facilities: Temperature-controlled environments essential for food, pharmaceuticals, and other perishable goods that require specific climate conditions to maintain product integrity.
- Self-Storage Industrial Units: Smaller, compartmentalized spaces that provide flexibility for businesses with fluctuating inventory levels or those requiring temporary storage solutions during peak seasons.
- Specialized Hazardous Material Storage: Facilities equipped with safety features and compliance measures for storing chemicals, flammables, and other regulated materials used in manufacturing and distribution.
Each storage type offers specific advantages depending on your business model and operational requirements. For example, distribution centers excel at supporting high-velocity inventory movement, while flex spaces provide the convenience of combined administrative and storage functions. The growing trend toward specialized facilities reflects the increasing complexity of modern supply chains and the need for customized solutions. Implementing effective team communication systems is essential regardless of which storage type you select, ensuring seamless coordination between warehouse staff and logistics managers.
Strategic Location Advantages of Fort Worth for Logistics Operations
Fort Worth’s geographic positioning makes it an exceptional location for commercial storage units supporting logistics and supply chain operations. The city’s strategic advantages extend beyond mere convenience—they translate into tangible cost savings and competitive benefits for businesses that establish storage facilities in the area. Companies leveraging Fort Worth’s location often implement shift marketplace solutions to ensure adequate staffing across their extended operating hours, maximizing the benefits of the city’s logistical advantages.
- Transportation Infrastructure: Fort Worth sits at the junction of major interstate highways (I-35W, I-30, I-20), providing easy access to north-south and east-west distribution routes that connect to all major U.S. markets.
- Multimodal Connectivity: The area offers exceptional intermodal transportation options, including proximity to DFW International Airport, Alliance Airport (a major cargo hub), and extensive rail infrastructure through Union Pacific and BNSF Railways.
- Central U.S. Position: Located in the heart of the country, Fort Worth enables businesses to reach approximately 80% of the U.S. population within a two-day drive, making it ideal for regional distribution operations.
- AllianceTexas Advantage: The AllianceTexas development, encompassing the Alliance Global Logistics Hub, offers state-of-the-art facilities specifically designed for logistics operations, including Foreign Trade Zone benefits.
- Business-Friendly Environment: Texas offers favorable tax structures, limited regulations, and various incentive programs that reduce operating costs for logistics and warehousing businesses.
These location advantages enable businesses to establish more efficient supply chain networks, reducing transportation costs and delivery times to customers. For example, a company with a Fort Worth distribution center can typically achieve next-day delivery to major Texas markets and two-day service to most southern states. This central positioning also facilitates more efficient transportation and logistics planning, allowing businesses to optimize their delivery routes and schedules. The city’s growing reputation as a logistics hub continues to attract investment in infrastructure and supporting services, further enhancing its value proposition for supply chain operations.
Essential Features of Commercial Storage Units for Supply Chain Efficiency
When evaluating commercial storage facilities for logistics operations in Fort Worth, certain features stand out as critical for maintaining an efficient supply chain. These attributes can significantly impact operational effectiveness, cost management, and overall productivity. Modern facilities increasingly incorporate technologies that integrate with employee scheduling software and workforce management systems to optimize human resources alongside physical assets.
- Loading Infrastructure: Multiple loading docks with adjustable levelers, spacious truck courts, and trailer parking areas ensure smooth receiving and shipping operations, minimizing vehicle turnaround times.
- Clear Height Capacity: Facilities with ceiling heights of 24-36 feet maximize vertical storage space, allowing for higher racking systems and increased cubic storage capacity per square foot.
- Floor Load Capacity: Reinforced concrete floors that can support heavy equipment and densely packed inventory, typically rated at 5,000+ pounds per square foot for industrial applications.
- Column Spacing: Wider column spacing creates flexible floor plans that accommodate various racking configurations and allow for efficient material handling equipment operation.
- Power Infrastructure: Robust electrical systems that support warehouse automation, charging stations for electric forklifts, and backup power capabilities to prevent operational disruptions.
- Technology Readiness: Built-in high-speed internet infrastructure, pre-wiring for security systems, and accommodation for warehouse management technologies that integrate with time tracking tools.
These features directly impact operational metrics such as throughput capacity, order fulfillment speed, and inventory accuracy. For instance, a facility with optimized loading infrastructure can significantly reduce loading/unloading times, while sufficient clear height can increase storage capacity by 30-40% compared to older facilities with lower ceilings. Additionally, technology-ready facilities enable better implementation of modern inventory management systems and team communication platforms. When assessing potential facilities, logistics managers should evaluate these features against their specific operational requirements and growth projections to ensure the space will remain suitable as the business evolves.
Cost Considerations and ROI for Commercial Storage in Fort Worth
Understanding the financial aspects of commercial storage solutions is crucial for logistics and supply chain operations in Fort Worth. The investment in appropriate storage facilities represents a significant operational expense, but when strategically planned, it can deliver substantial returns through improved efficiency and expanded capabilities. Forward-thinking companies are integrating their facility expenses with broader operational systems, including workforce optimization software to maximize their return on investment.
- Lease Structures: Fort Worth offers varied lease options ranging from triple net (NNN) leases where tenants cover all expenses to modified gross leases with shared responsibilities, typically running 3-10 years for industrial properties.
- Price Per Square Foot: Rates vary by submarket, with premium locations near major transportation arteries commanding $6-9 per square foot annually, while secondary locations might range from $4.50-6 per square foot.
- Operational Costs: Beyond base rent, consider utilities, maintenance, security, insurance, and property taxes, which typically add 15-25% to the base lease cost depending on facility type and services included.
- Technology Integration Expenses: Budget for implementing warehouse management systems, security technologies, and communication infrastructure that integrates with employee scheduling platforms.
- ROI Metrics: Measure return through improved inventory turnover (typically 20-30% improvement with optimized facilities), reduced transportation costs, decreased order fulfillment times, and enhanced customer satisfaction scores.
To maximize ROI, companies should evaluate facilities based on total cost of occupancy rather than just base rent. For example, a slightly higher-priced facility with superior loading infrastructure and ceiling height might yield greater operational efficiency that more than offsets the additional rent expense. Similarly, investing in locations with lower transportation costs to major markets can generate significant savings in the overall supply chain. Many businesses find that implementing scheduling software mastery alongside their facility management improves resource utilization and further enhances ROI. Careful financial modeling that accounts for both direct facility costs and operational impacts provides the most accurate picture of a storage solution’s true value to the organization.
Security and Accessibility Features for Modern Logistics Storage
The balance between robust security and convenient accessibility represents a critical consideration for logistics operations utilizing commercial storage in Fort Worth. Modern facilities incorporate sophisticated security measures while ensuring authorized personnel can efficiently access inventory and equipment when needed. This dual focus helps protect valuable assets while maintaining operational flow and supporting just-in-time scheduling alternatives that many supply chain operations rely upon.
- Multi-Layered Security Systems: Advanced facilities feature integrated security with perimeter fencing, controlled gate access, comprehensive camera coverage, motion detection, and alarm systems that work together to create multiple protection layers.
- Access Control Technologies: Biometric scanning, key card systems, and mobile credential solutions allow precise management of who can enter specific areas and when, creating an audit trail that enhances accountability.
- 24/7 Operational Access: Round-the-clock accessibility with appropriate security protocols enables flexible operations that can accommodate varying shift patterns and respond to urgent supply chain demands.
- Climate Monitoring Systems: Remote monitoring of temperature, humidity, and environmental conditions protects sensitive inventory while alerting managers to potential issues before they affect product integrity.
- Visitor Management Protocols: Structured processes for contractor and visitor access maintain security while accommodating necessary third-party services and customer visits.
These security and accessibility features directly impact operational effectiveness by protecting inventory from theft and damage while ensuring authorized personnel can perform their duties without unnecessary friction. For example, implementing mobile credential systems that integrate with employee scheduling software mobile accessibility features allows for seamless shift changes and accurate tracking of warehouse personnel. The most effective facilities design security measures that protect assets without creating operational bottlenecks. This balanced approach has become increasingly important as supply chains face growing threats from cargo theft and sophisticated inventory targeting, particularly in high-value sectors like electronics, pharmaceuticals, and luxury goods.
Technology Integration in Fort Worth Commercial Storage Facilities
The technological evolution of commercial storage facilities in Fort Worth has transformed these spaces from simple warehouses into sophisticated nodes within digitally-connected supply chains. Modern logistics operations leverage advanced technologies to enhance inventory visibility, improve operational efficiency, and create competitive advantages. These technological capabilities often integrate with workforce scheduling tools to ensure human resources align with automated systems for maximum productivity.
- Warehouse Management Systems (WMS): Comprehensive software platforms that orchestrate inventory movement, order processing, labor management, and reporting functions, creating a central control system for storage operations.
- Internet of Things (IoT) Applications: Connected sensors and devices that monitor environmental conditions, track asset locations, and report equipment status in real-time, enhancing visibility across the facility.
- RFID and Barcode Systems: Automated identification technologies that streamline inventory management, reduce manual counting errors, and accelerate receiving and shipping processes.
- Robotics and Automation: Autonomous mobile robots (AMRs), automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS), and conveyor systems that increase throughput capacity while reducing labor requirements.
- Predictive Analytics: Data-driven forecasting tools that optimize inventory levels, anticipate maintenance needs, and improve resource allocation based on historical patterns and market trends.
These technological investments deliver measurable improvements to key performance indicators. For instance, implementing a comprehensive WMS typically reduces picking errors by 70-80% while improving inventory accuracy to 99%+ levels. Similarly, IoT-enabled environmental monitoring can reduce product spoilage by alerting managers to temperature excursions before they damage sensitive inventory. Leading facilities in Fort Worth are increasingly adopting these technologies to stay competitive in the rapidly evolving logistics landscape. Companies implementing these systems often also utilize communication tools integration to ensure seamless information flow between warehouse staff, transportation teams, and management. The integration of physical storage infrastructure with digital capabilities creates intelligent facilities that serve as strategic assets rather than mere cost centers.
Climate Control and Specialized Storage Solutions
Fort Worth’s climate presents unique challenges for inventory storage, with hot summers and occasional extreme weather events requiring specialized storage solutions for sensitive products. Temperature and environmental control capabilities have become increasingly important as supply chains handle more diverse and climate-sensitive goods. Businesses managing these specialized facilities often implement shift planning strategies to ensure continuous monitoring and maintenance of critical environmental systems.
- Temperature-Controlled Environments: Facilities offering precise temperature maintenance within specific ranges, critical for pharmaceuticals, food products, chemicals, and electronics that require stable environmental conditions.
- Humidity Regulation Systems: Advanced HVAC and dehumidification equipment that maintains appropriate moisture levels, protecting products susceptible to corrosion, mold, or degradation from humidity fluctuations.
- Cold Chain Infrastructure: Specialized cold storage with multiple temperature zones ranging from deep freeze (-20°F) to cool storage (55°F), supporting the growing demand for temperature-sensitive product distribution.
- Hazardous Material Containment: Purpose-built areas with appropriate ventilation, containment systems, and safety features for storing chemicals, flammables, and other regulated substances.
- Environmental Monitoring: Continuous tracking systems that record temperature, humidity, and air quality metrics, generating alerts and maintaining compliance documentation for regulated products.
These specialized storage capabilities enable Fort Worth logistics operations to handle a wider range of products and meet the stringent requirements of industries like pharmaceuticals, food distribution, and high-tech manufacturing. For example, pharmaceutical cold chain requirements typically demand temperature accuracy within ±2°F and continuous monitoring documentation, capabilities now available in Fort Worth’s premium logistics facilities. The investment in climate-controlled infrastructure also supports transportation crew scheduling by ensuring products remain in optimal condition during longer distribution routes. As e-commerce continues to diversify the types of products flowing through supply chains, these specialized storage capabilities have become competitive differentiators for logistics providers rather than merely nice-to-have features.
Scalability and Flexibility for Growing Logistics Operations
The ability to scale operations efficiently in response to growth or seasonal fluctuations represents a critical consideration for logistics businesses selecting commercial storage in Fort Worth. Modern supply chain operations require storage solutions that can adapt to changing needs without causing operational disruptions or imposing excessive costs. This operational flexibility works hand-in-hand with workforce optimization frameworks to create adaptable logistics systems.
- Modular Space Design: Facilities constructed with expansion capabilities that allow for the addition of storage capacity or specialized areas as business needs evolve, minimizing disruption to ongoing operations.
- Flexible Leasing Options: Contract structures that accommodate growth through expansion rights, rights of first refusal on adjacent spaces, or graduated leasing terms that align with projected business development.
- Short-Term Overflow Solutions: Access to temporary storage capacity during peak seasons or special promotions, enabling businesses to handle volume spikes without committing to permanent space increases.
- Adaptable Racking Systems: Storage infrastructure that can be reconfigured to accommodate changing product dimensions, inventory profiles, or picking methodologies as product lines evolve.
- Scalable Technology Infrastructure: Digital systems that grow alongside physical operations, with the capacity to handle increased transaction volumes, user counts, and data storage requirements.
These scalability features create significant operational and financial advantages for growing businesses. For instance, modular facility design can reduce expansion costs by 15-25% compared to relocating to entirely new premises, while also eliminating the business disruption associated with moving operations. Similarly, flexible leasing terms might enable a company to start with 25,000 square feet but include options to expand to 40,000 square feet as growth occurs, ensuring continuity of operations and location benefits. Implementing employee scheduling software ongoing support resources alongside these physical adaptations ensures workforce management scales appropriately with facility expansion. The most successful logistics operations in Fort Worth prioritize this scalability in their facility planning, creating infrastructure that supports rather than constrains business growth.
Regulatory Compliance for Logistics Storage in Fort Worth
Navigating the regulatory landscape represents a significant aspect of managing commercial storage facilities for logistics operations in Fort Worth. Compliance requirements span multiple levels of government and various aspects of facility operations, creating a complex framework that requires careful attention. Understanding and adhering to these regulations is essential for avoiding penalties, maintaining operational continuity, and protecting both assets and personnel. Many operations utilize compliance training programs to ensure staff understand and follow all applicable regulations.
- Building and Fire Codes: Fort Worth-specific requirements governing facility construction, fire suppression systems, emergency exits, and occupancy limitations that impact storage configurations and operations.
- Hazardous Materials Regulations: Federal, state, and local rules for storing, handling, and documenting hazardous substances, including specific requirements from agencies like OSHA, EPA, and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality.
- Labor Regulations: Compliance with workforce-related requirements including OSHA safety standards, wage and hour laws, and Texas-specific employment regulations that affect warehouse operations.
- Transportation Compliance: Regulations affecting loading/unloading areas, truck courts, and transportation activities, including DOT requirements and local traffic ordinances specific to industrial areas.
- Environmental Regulations: Requirements addressing stormwater management, waste disposal, emissions, and other environmental impacts associated with storage and distribution activities.
Staying compliant with these regulations requires proactive management and often dedicated compliance resources. For example, facilities storing hazardous materials must maintain current Safety Data Sheets, provide appropriate employee training, and implement specific containment measures—all subject to regular inspections. Similarly, warehouse operations must comply with OSHA standards for forklift operations, racking safety, and emergency procedures. Modern operations often implement logistics workforce scheduling systems that track required certifications and training to ensure only properly qualified staff perform regulated activities. Companies selecting commercial storage facilities should evaluate not only the facility’s current compliance status but also the systems in place for maintaining compliance as regulations evolve. The most effective operations integrate compliance considerations into their standard operating procedures rather than treating them as separate administrative burdens.
Selecting the Right Commercial Storage Partner in Fort Worth
Choosing the optimal commercial storage facility involves more than just evaluating physical space—it requires finding a partner who understands the unique requirements of logistics and supply chain operations. The right facility relationship can enhance operational capabilities, while the wrong choice can create persistent challenges and limitations. A comprehensive evaluation process helps logistics managers identify partners who will support their business objectives. Many companies utilize insights from supply chain experts when making these critical decisions.
- Facility Management Expertise: Evaluate the management team’s experience with logistics operations, their responsiveness to tenant needs, and their understanding of supply chain-specific requirements.
- Service Level Agreements: Review formal agreements covering maintenance response times, facility uptime guarantees, security protocols, and other operational parameters critical to consistent performance.
- Tenant Improvement Allowances: Assess the facility owner’s willingness to customize spaces, contribute to improvement costs, or accommodate specialized infrastructure needs specific to your operations.
- Complementary Tenant Mix: Consider the advantages of facilities with complementary businesses that might create synergies, shared service opportunities, or potential business relationships.
- Future Development Plans: Understand the property owner’s long-term vision for the facility and surrounding area, including planned improvements, expansions, or potential changes that could affect operations.
The selection process should include thorough due diligence beyond the physical inspection. Speaking with current tenants about their experiences, researching the facility management company’s track record, and understanding the financial stability of the property owner provide valuable insights. Companies often find that implementing team communication systems between operations staff and facility management creates more productive relationships. The most successful facility partnerships in Fort Worth develop when both parties understand each other’s business objectives and work collaboratively to achieve them. This partnership approach extends beyond the lease agreement to create a working relationship that enhances the logistics operation’s capabilities and contributes to its competitive advantage in the marketplace.
Conclusion
Commercial storage units in Fort Worth represent critical infrastructure for effective logistics and supply chain operations in today’s competitive business environment. The city’s strategic location advantages, combined with its diverse range of storage options, create exceptional opportunities for companies seeking to optimize their distribution networks and inventory management systems. As we’ve explored, the most successful logistics operations carefully evaluate factors including facility features, location specifics, technological capabilities, scalability options, and compliance requirements when selecting their commercial storage solutions. By approaching this decision strategically rather than simply seeking the lowest cost per square foot, businesses can transform their storage facilities from mere cost centers into competitive advantages that enhance overall supply chain performance.
Looking ahead, Fort Worth’s commercial storage landscape continues to evolve with increasing emphasis on technology integration, sustainability features, and flexible solutions that accommodate rapid business changes. Companies that select facilities aligned with their specific operational requirements while also implementing effective shift scheduling strategies and workforce management tools position themselves for long-term success. By viewing commercial storage as a strategic asset rather than simply warehouse space, logistics professionals can leverage these facilities to improve customer service levels, reduce operational costs, and create more resilient supply chains capable of adapting to changing market conditions. The right storage solution, thoughtfully selected and professionally managed, serves as a foundation for logistics excellence in the dynamic Texas marketplace.
FAQ
1. What are the average costs for commercial storage units in Fort Worth for logistics operations?
Commercial storage costs in Fort Worth vary based on location, specifications, and amenities. Standard warehouse space typically ranges from $4.50-9.00 per square foot annually on a triple net (NNN) lease where tenants also cover taxes, insurance, and maintenance. Premium logistics facilities with advanced features like cross-docking capabilities, higher clear heights (30+ feet), and superior loading infrastructure command rates at the upper end of this range. Climate-controlled facilities add approximately 15-30% to base rates depending on the level of environmental control required. Additional costs to consider include common area maintenance charges, security services, and technology infrastructure fees. Many businesses find value in implementing scheduling efficiency analytics to maximize their return on facility investments by optimizing workforce utilization within these spaces.
2. How do I determine the right size commercial storage unit for my logistics business?
Determining appropriate storage size requires analysis of several operational factors. Start by calculating your current inventory storage needs in cubic feet, considering both average and peak inventory levels. Factor in space requirements for aisles, loading areas, staging zones, and any administrative areas needed on-site. Industry standards suggest allocating 30-40% of total space to these non-storage functions. Consider growth projections for the next 3-5 years, as most commercial leases run for this duration. For operations with significant seasonal fluctuations, evaluate flexible solutions that combine permanent space with temporary expansion options. Many logistics operations in Fort Worth benefit from implementing team scheduling dashboards alongside their facility planning to ensure workforce allocation aligns with space utilization. Working with an industrial real estate specialist familiar with logistics operations can provide valuable guidance in translating operational requirements into appropriate square footage specifications.
3. What security features should I look for in a Fort Worth commercial storage facility for high-value inventory?
For high-value inventory storage in Fort Worth, prioritize facilities with multi-layered security systems. Look for perimeter security including 8-foot (minimum) fencing with barbed wire topping, limited access points, and truck gates with controlled entry systems. Comprehensive video surveillance should cover all exterior areas and interior spaces with sufficient resolution for identification purposes and 30+ days of recording retention. Advanced facilities offer centralized security monitoring, motion detection systems with automatic alerts, and integration with emergency communication protocols. Access control should include electronic credentials rather than traditional keys, ideally with multi-factor authentication for sensitive areas. For the highest security needs, consider facilities with on-site security personnel, especially those offering 24/7 coverage. Additionally, evaluate the facility’s fire protection systems, as fire represents a significant risk to inventory. Insurance companies often provide security requirement guidance specific to your inventory type and value, which can serve as a useful checklist when evaluating facilities.
4. How do Fort Worth’s climate conditions affect commercial storage requirements?
Fort Worth’s climate presents specific challenges for commercial storage facilities supporting logistics operations. The region experiences hot summers with temperatures regularly exceeding 100°F, mild winters with occasional freezing conditions, and the potential for severe weather including thunderstorms, hail, and tornadoes. These conditions necessitate robust climate control systems for sensitive inventory, with cooling capacity being particularly important during summer months. Proper insulation and sealing are essential for energy efficiency and maintaining stable interior environments. Facilities should have appropriate stormwater management systems and structural integrity to withstand severe weather events. For operations handling temperature-sensitive goods, backup power generation becomes critical to maintain environmental conditions during power outages. Many sophisticated facilities implement remote monitoring systems that integrate with mobile scheduling applications, allowing managers to receive alerts and deploy maintenance personnel promptly when environmental conditions deviate from acceptable ranges. When evaluating facilities, ask about historical performance during extreme weather events to gauge resilience.
5. What technology integrations should I prioritize for a modern logistics storage facility in Fort Worth?
For modern logistics operations in Fort Worth, prioritize facilities that support several key technology integrations. First, ensure robust internet connectivity with redundant providers and sufficient bandwidth for warehouse management systems, IoT devices, and real-time communication tools. Look for buildings pre-wired for advanced security systems and environmental monitoring networks that can integrate with monitoring wellness metrics for both inventory and personnel. Infrastructure supporting automation technologies—including appropriate power capacity, floor flatness for robotics, and ceiling mounting points for conveyor systems—future-proofs your operation as automation adoption increases. Dock management systems that coordinate truck arrivals with warehouse capacity improve throughput efficiency. Cloud-based facility management platforms that integrate with your existing enterprise systems create seamless information flow between physical operations and management systems. Additionally, evaluate the facility’s ability to support emerging technologies like augmented reality picking systems and predictive maintenance tools that are rapidly becoming standard in advanced logistics operations. The most valuable technology-ready facilities offer flexibility to adapt as new technologies emerge rather than supporting only current systems.